It is estimated that around 400 million people worldwide suffer from a herniated lumbar disc. Therefore, even though most will resolve without surgery, it is important for spine surgeons to understand all aspects of the lumbar intervertebral disc. This chapter is designed to provide a comprehensive overview and covers anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, operative and non-operative treatment, and prognosis. We explore the anatomy of the intervertebral disc and components that provide insight as to why disc herniations occur. We also discuss key factors such as genetics, environmental exposures, and even occupational hazards. Next, clinical manifestations and diagnostic imaging as well as physical exam findings are covered. Finally, we mention operative and non-operative techniques that may be employed to treat lumbar disc herniations. This chapter equips readers with a comprehensive understanding of lumbar disc herniations, which is essential for effective clinical practice.