Education in anesthesiology forms the foundation of the specialty’s evolution and sustainability. This chapter explores the continuum of anesthesiology education from medical school through residency, fellowship, and lifelong professional development. It outlines the structure of medical and postgraduate training in the United States, including the financial and administrative models that support Graduate Medical Education (GME) through Medicare and institutional funding. The discussion highlights the multiple benefits of academic residency programs—not only in cultivating highly skilled perioperative physicians but also in improving institutional quality, operational efficiency, and recruitment. It further examines the national shortage of anesthesiologists, tracing its historical causes to policy shifts in the 1990s and recent workforce disruptions following the COVID-19 pandemic. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the anesthesiologist’s role as a lifelong learner and leader, integrating advanced degrees, administrative expertise, and ongoing professional education to meet the demands of a dynamic, technology-driven healthcare system.