Soil conservation is fundamental to sustaining agricultural productivity, safeguarding rural livelihoods, and maintaining ecological resilience. This chapter examines the economic aspects of soil conservation, highlighting how market failures, uncertainty, and institutional weaknesses constrain farmer investment in conservation practices. Using empirical and theoretical evidence, it reviews frameworks such as the erosion productivity economics model (EPEM), stochastic simulation, and contingent valuation, while also incorporating advanced methods such as integrated biophysical-economic modeling and AI-driven erosion mapping. Case studies from Tamil Nadu and other Indian states demonstrate that participatory watershed development reduced soil loss by up to 28% and improved groundwater recharge, while GIS-assisted RUSLE modeling in Tamil Nadu estimated soil losses as high as 20 t/ha/year on steeper slopes. Cost–benefit analyses from Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu reported net present values ranging between ₹10,000 and ₹30,000/ha over 10–15 years, illustrating the financial viability of conservation investments. The chapter concludes that successful conservation requires not only technical interventions but also context-specific economic incentives, institutional coordination and active farmer participation to achieve both environmental sustainability and rural income gains.