A wide variety of life forms, including bacteria, fungus, viruses, protozoa, nematodes, archaea, and larger species like insects and earthworms, are supported by the complex and dynamic ecosystem that is soil. These biotic elements are necessary to sustain nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and ecosystem functioning as a whole. Waste has accumulated as a result of human activity, especially plastic pollution. Because synthetic polymers don’t break down easily, they can remain in the environment for 50–60 years and form microplastics, which are now common soil pollutants. Because of their tiny size, microplastics can readily become incorporated into soil, change its structure, and obstruct vital functions. This can affect the microbial communities in the soil and possibly lower agricultural yields and soil health. Microplastics can be absorbed by plant roots and transported to aerial tissues, according to recent research, raising questions about the safety of plant-based diets and the human food chain. The hypothalamic-pituitary axis, is disrupted by MPs and NPs. This results in immunotoxicity, oxidative stress, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, developmental abnormalities, and lower sperm quality. With a focus on plant-based food systems, this chapter explores the environmental impacts, health concerns, mitigation strategies, research gaps, and future directions of soil contamination by microplastics.