The use of treated wastewater in agriculture has become increasingly popular due to the growing scarcity of freshwater. This type of irrigation is eco-friendly, and there are complex ecological and health concerns to consider. The use of treated wastewater on soils is dynamic, involving interactions between plant systems and soil properties that impact crop growth, nutrient supply, and the potential accumulation of pollutants. Since pollutants (e.g., microplastics) can be introduced into the food chain both directly and indirectly, these interactions have a significant impact on human health. Bioaccumulation processes in water body environments also increase these hazards because pollutants tend to move between trophic levels, exposing humans through the food chain and raising concerns about the toxicity and environmental impacts in the long run. The second pathway of terrestrial exposure is through sludge as a soil amendment, where management plans determine the distribution and retention of microplastics and other contaminants. The effects of sludge-borne pollutants on ecosystem resilience are diverse and impact its environment in several ways, including soil degradation, altered microbial functions, and even contamination of water resources. Evaluation of hazards, development of regulatory frameworks, and implementation of safe reuse practices all rely on a knowledge of these interrelated processes. A comprehensive perspective that would sustain the wastewater and sludge treatment process will be offered through the combination of expertise in trophic transfer, soil-vegetation interactions, and human exposure. This will guarantee food production and minimize ecological and negative health impacts on people.