Population growth, combined with climate change and natural catastrophes, has seriously affected the food security worldwide. As per the reports of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, one in nine people of the world suffers from undernourishment. Ensuring food security in the current scenario can be achieved to some extent by using appropriate crop improvement methods. Mutation breeding is an appropriate strategy to enhance the germplasm collection of crops because the technique can be exploited to develop and create new varieties. Moreover, the time required to develop new varieties is comparatively less compared to conventional hybridization techniques. Physical, chemical and biological mutagens have been used to induce mutations in plants. A number of studies have reported that mutation breeding is a potential breeding technique that has the capability to improve the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of crops significantly in a shorter span of time compared to conventional breeding techniques. This technique can be exploited for improving the resilience of crops towards biotic and abiotic stresses induced by climate change. Further efforts to advance mutation breeding using appropriate methods will enable humanity to accomplish the primary objective of plant breeding, thus promoting global food security.