Alienated and Alienists
摘要
At the end of the nineteenth century, the crises these women experienced were not understood. They were not seen as responses to trauma. Charcot rediscovered hysteria and named it. He isolated it as a pure nosological object, separating it from epilepsy and other mental disorders. But this does not mean that he fully understood it or that he provided a therapeutic approach for these women. In fact, the author Didi Huberman questions the treatment given to this illness in his book The Invention of Hysteria. In no case was attention given to the social and economic circumstances in which these women lived. The pose was essential—it was necessary to take time to look, the framing, and the setting up of the body for the photographs. It gave the impression that the doctors (all men at that time) observed the “hysterics” as “in vivo” autopsies of patients. In fact, many of the women hypnotized by Breuer and diagnosed with hysteria were prostitutes who had lived through traumatic events. It is no coincidence that the pioneer of German feminism, founder of social services, and whose image was used on stamps for letters when she founded the first institution for marginalized women and their children, was simultaneously the first case of Breuer and Freud. This is how highly recognized but mostly ignored alienists were also patients and suffered from mental health problems (Anna O).