This chapter explores the evolving patterns of women’s health and longevity in South Asia over the past two centuries, emphasizing the persistent gender disparities in life expectancy, maternal mortality, and morbidity. Despite broad global gains in longevity, the gender gap remains shaped by socio-economic inequality, healthcare access, and entrenched cultural norms. The comparative insights from Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh, the analysis highlight Bangladesh’s pluralistic and community-driven healthcare system as a regional model for improving life expectancy and maternal health outcomes. The discussion links rising female longevity with questions of quality of life, chronic illness, and wellbeing in later years. Further sections examine the intersectional determinants of maternal mortality, non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, and the structural roots of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency among women. The chapter concludes by honoring early reformers like Dr. Anandibai Joshi, whose pursuit of women’s medical education laid the foundation for gender-sensitive health reforms in South Asia.