Since the start of rapid climate warming around the 1980s, rising temperatures and elevated atmospheric saturation deficits, associated with prolonged droughts and heatwaves, have impaired forest vitality in many regions on earth. These shifts have caused widespread forest vitality loss and increased tree mortality, raising concern about the climate vulnerability of key forest species. In the temperate forests of northern Patagonia, on the leeward (eastern) side of the Andes in Argentina, the growth dynamics and climate sensitivity of dominant tree species, influenced by the interplay of steep environmental gradients, heterogeneous forest structures, and complex disturbance regimes, are not fully understood. In this chapter, we synthesize recent dendrochronological findings on the growth patterns of the dominant tree species in the region, with a particular focus on the eastern Río Puelo watershed (approximately 41°4′ to 42°3′ S, 71°1′ to 72°2′ W), where various dendrochronological studies have been conducted in recent decades. We focus on the growth patterns of the native species Nothofagus dombeyi, N. pumilio, and Austrocedrus chilensis and on the widely planted exotic conifers Pinus radiata, P. contorta, and P. ponderosa, which are analyzed in their similarities and divergences and their variation across this heterogeneous landscape. Based on the insights assembled in this review, nature-based management solutions for climate-change adapted forest management in the region are outlined.