Due to population growth, the manufacture of technological products, and the poor treatment of waste and effluents, environmental pollution has accelerated, generating a shortage of resources free of toxic contaminants that can harm the health of living beings. This situation generates a need to develop highly efficient and innovative technologies that improve the quality of natural resources, with nanomaterials being an alternative for the mitigation of contaminants in soil, air, and mainly water, since they are characterized by having specific chemical, physical and biological properties (unique electrical, magnetic and optical) at the nanometric scale that distinguish them from macroscopic properties. This chapter aims to carry out a broad review of the research and advances in the design and development of nanomaterials with particular properties that allow the application to processes preserve and improve the environment, including sensing, adsorption, catalytic, photocatalytic, electrochemical processes, among others.