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This study investigates seasonal variations in physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations in bottom waters of the Swarnamukhi Estuary, along the Nellore coast of southeast India. A total of 22 samples from 11 stations were collected during the monsoon (2014) and pre-monsoon (2015) seasons to assess water quality (pH, temperature, salinity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, organic matter, and silica) and trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Cd). Results revealed a narrow range of pH (7.0–7.4) and salinity (35.1–36.9 ppt), with dissolved oxygen (3.2–4.6 mg/L) showing spatial variability linked to organic enrichment. Organic matter and silica were consistently higher in the pre-monsoon season. Heavy metals followed the order Fe > Pb > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Cd > Mn, with Fe and Mn enriched during the monsoon due to lithogenic inputs, whereas Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb peaked in the pre-monsoon, reflecting anthropogenic sources. Multivariate analyses (clustering and factor analysis) distinguished metal associations (Mn–Ni, Zn–Cr, Cu–Zn, and Cd–Pb), indicating mixed natural and human contributions. Station SR-5 in the northern estuary consistently recorded the highest contamination, highlighting localized pressures from agriculture, aquaculture, and sewage discharges. The findings underscore the role of seasonal biogeochemical cycles and human activities in shaping estuarine water quality, providing a baseline for monitoring, ecosystem health assessment, and sustainable coastal management along the Nellore coast.

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Seasonal Patterns of Physico-Chemical Parameters and Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Swarnamukhi Estuary, Southeast Coast of India

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Sreenivasulu Ganugapenta,
  • Effi Helmy Ariffin,
  • Ibrahim Siti Aminah,
  • Behara Satyanarayana,
  • Lakshmanna Ballari,
  • Jayaraju Nadimikeri

摘要

This study investigates seasonal variations in physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations in bottom waters of the Swarnamukhi Estuary, along the Nellore coast of southeast India. A total of 22 samples from 11 stations were collected during the monsoon (2014) and pre-monsoon (2015) seasons to assess water quality (pH, temperature, salinity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, organic matter, and silica) and trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Cd). Results revealed a narrow range of pH (7.0–7.4) and salinity (35.1–36.9 ppt), with dissolved oxygen (3.2–4.6 mg/L) showing spatial variability linked to organic enrichment. Organic matter and silica were consistently higher in the pre-monsoon season. Heavy metals followed the order Fe > Pb > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Cd > Mn, with Fe and Mn enriched during the monsoon due to lithogenic inputs, whereas Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb peaked in the pre-monsoon, reflecting anthropogenic sources. Multivariate analyses (clustering and factor analysis) distinguished metal associations (Mn–Ni, Zn–Cr, Cu–Zn, and Cd–Pb), indicating mixed natural and human contributions. Station SR-5 in the northern estuary consistently recorded the highest contamination, highlighting localized pressures from agriculture, aquaculture, and sewage discharges. The findings underscore the role of seasonal biogeochemical cycles and human activities in shaping estuarine water quality, providing a baseline for monitoring, ecosystem health assessment, and sustainable coastal management along the Nellore coast.