The resilience of global food systems is increasingly threatened by the pervasive use of plastics across agricultural production, fisheries, food processing, packaging, transportation, and waste management. While plastics have enabled efficiency, reduced food loss, and improved storage stability, their lifecycle, from extraction and manufacturing to disposal, creates complex vulnerabilities. Microplastics (MPs) and chemical additives enter soil, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, altering nutrient cycles, reducing soil fertility, impairing the health of aquatic organisms, and ultimately affecting food safety and human well-being. The uneven regulation of plastic use, inadequate recycling infrastructure, and weak enforcement further compound these risks. Building a resilient food system, therefore, requires a comprehensive transition toward sustainable plastic governance. This includes integrating circular-economy principles, promoting biodegradable and bio-based materials, implementing extended producer responsibility, and strengthening monitoring frameworks for environmental plastic pollution. Equally essential is the harmonization of national and international policies that regulate plastic production, import, agricultural application, and waste management. Addressing socio-economic dimensions, such as farmer awareness, consumer behaviour, informal recycling sectors, and institutional capacity, is fundamental for ensuring long-term resilience. By linking plastic lifecycle management with food system sustainability, this chapter highlights the need for coordinated policy reform, scientific innovation, and multistakeholder collaboration. A holistic approach can mitigate ecological impacts, safeguard public health, enhance supply-chain stability, and support the transition toward a resilient and environmentally responsible food system.