To address the critical issue of wear-induced failures in spiral conveyor of tunnel boring machines (TBMs), this study presents an innovative laser cladding remanufacturing solution. A systematic investigation was conducted through orthogonal experiments by building a laser cladding remanufacturing system to quantify the effects of key process parameters (laser power P, scanning speed v, powder feed rate f, and overlap rate r) on microstructural, microhardness, and wear resistance of the cladding layers. The experimental results reveal that under optimized parameters (Fe-based alloy powder, P = 2000 W, v = 600 mm/s, f = 1.5 r/min, r = 40%), the cladding layer demonstrates defect-free morphology with fine uniform microstructure. Microhardness measurements show a significant enhancement reaching 800 HV, with a maximum of 888 HV, corresponding to a 26.8% improvement compared to the original components. The wear mass lose rate of the cladding layer reduces to 0.0011 g, indicating a 31.3% reduction than the original components. This technology significantly improves the wear resistance and service life of the spiral machine spindle, providing a theoretical framework and practical methodology for green remanufacturing of TBM components.