An anonymous authentication and key exchange protocol based on one-way accumulators is proposed in this paper. The protocol leverages the quasi-commutative and one-way properties of one-way accumulators to achieve secure key exchange and authentication. In this protocol, the key management center generates and issues unique identity tickets for each registered user. When users need to establish secure communication, they generate temporary authentication tickets using their identity tickets and random numbers, which are exchanged with the other party to ensure that both parties can establish the same key, thus achieving key exchange. During the authentication and key exchange process, the identity tickets are not directly transmitted, ensuring the anonymity and security of the users. Compared to other protocols, this scheme effectively resists man-in-the-middle attacks and message forgery attacks, reduces computational and storage burdens, and enhances authentication efficiency.