Thermal modification of wood is a well-established process aimed at enhancing its dimensional stability, biological durability, and resistance to environmental factors without the use of chemical preservatives. Among various thermal modification technologies, the vacuum-based TermoVuoto method has gained prominence due to its high energy efficiency and controlled process conditions, which minimize oxidative degradation. The TermoVuoto process is conducted in a system under vacuum, which significantly reduces energy dispersion, lowers the thermal stress on the wood structure, and results in a homogeneous modification of its chemical composition. Unlike conventional thermal modification, this method ensures the safe collection and disposal of process emissions as non-hazardous industrial waste. Furthermore, the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions of TermoVuoto modified wood are comparable to those of untreated wood, making it particularly suitable for indoor applications. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the TermoVuoto process, its impact on wood properties, and its diverse applications, highlighting its role in sustainable material engineering and the potential for expanding its industrial adoption.