Plasma exchange is usually implied in the treatment of neoplasia complications (e.g., malignancy-associated thrombotic microangiopathy, paraneoplastic syndromes, hyperviscosity syndrome) and drug-associated adverse events (e.g., cisplatin toxicity, drug-induced thrombotic microangiopathy). Apheresis modalities are rarely used for the treatment of malignancy itself (e.g., extracorporeal photopheresis in Sézary syndrome). Plasma exchange and hemoadsorption are not routinely recommended in the treatment of sepsis due to conflicting results from trials and low quality of evidence.