Electrospun nanofibers stand out for their remarkable surface area-to-volume ratio, adjustable porosity, and versatile functionalization potential, making them highly attractive for a wide range of applications. These unique characteristics render electrospun nanofibers highly applicable across diverse fields, including healthcare, environmental science, and sensing technologies. Among various nanofiber fabrication techniques, electrospinning remains the most prevalent, enabling the production of ultrafine fibers by applying high voltage to a polymer solution or melt. Through the integration of functional additives, electrospun nanofibers can be tailored for advanced applications such as wound healing, antibacterial protection, UV sensing, and wastewater treatment. This study provides an overview of previous research on electrospun nanofiber surfaces with multifunctional properties. Nanofiber-based materials have been engineered for controlled drug release, promoting efficient tissue healing while reducing the risk of infection. In addition, antibacterial dressings produced with essential oils have been explored for their inherent antimicrobial properties, requiring careful optimization of oil concentration to maintain both efficacy and biocompatibility. Another innovative approach involves UV-sensitive nanofibers embedded with photochromic dyes, enabling real-time UV detection for enhanced skin protection. Furthermore, nanofiber surfaces have shown great potential in environmental applications, particularly for the efficient adsorption of textile dyes from wastewater. These results highlight the remarkable versatility of electrospun nanofibers and their transformative impact across multiple fields. Moving forward, further research should aim to refine nanofiber properties to maximize their performance and broaden their applicability in emerging technologies.