The present study examines an anti-British revolt in the Kolhan region of erstwhile Singhbhum in Jharkhand in 1836–37, caused by the imposition of direct British rule. Led by the Ho Adivasi leader, Poto Ho of village Rajabasa in south Kolhan, the revolt is notable for its ferocity, and a strategic battle fought in Serengsia Ghati (mountain pass), where the Ho fighters nearly overwhelmed the British forces. Despite British forces’ brutal tactics of pillage, plunder and arson, the Ho rebels fought resolutely with the support of local communities. Poto Ho with several key leaders was captured. After a swift and unfair trial, Poto Ho and four of his associates were publicly hanged. Although these public hangings were aimed at terrorizing people, they contrarily resulted in time-transcendent reverence for the martyrs. The memory of their sacrifice became a part of the Ho oral tradition as that of Birsa Munda amongst the Mundas of neighbouring Chhotanagpur. Elaborate ritualization and deification of Poto Ho is observed throughout Kolhan, leading to his reinvention as a guardian deity. However, his deification is also leading to claims and counter-claims for his appropriation among different killis (Septs) of the Hos. The present essay examines the revolt, portrays the revival and veneration of Poto Ho and discusses the profound impact of his legacy on contemporary society through a critical examination of both documentary and oral sources.

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Reinventing the Ho Revolt of 1836–37 in Kolhan and Poto Ho

  • Sanjay Nath,
  • Rinu Kumari

摘要

The present study examines an anti-British revolt in the Kolhan region of erstwhile Singhbhum in Jharkhand in 1836–37, caused by the imposition of direct British rule. Led by the Ho Adivasi leader, Poto Ho of village Rajabasa in south Kolhan, the revolt is notable for its ferocity, and a strategic battle fought in Serengsia Ghati (mountain pass), where the Ho fighters nearly overwhelmed the British forces. Despite British forces’ brutal tactics of pillage, plunder and arson, the Ho rebels fought resolutely with the support of local communities. Poto Ho with several key leaders was captured. After a swift and unfair trial, Poto Ho and four of his associates were publicly hanged. Although these public hangings were aimed at terrorizing people, they contrarily resulted in time-transcendent reverence for the martyrs. The memory of their sacrifice became a part of the Ho oral tradition as that of Birsa Munda amongst the Mundas of neighbouring Chhotanagpur. Elaborate ritualization and deification of Poto Ho is observed throughout Kolhan, leading to his reinvention as a guardian deity. However, his deification is also leading to claims and counter-claims for his appropriation among different killis (Septs) of the Hos. The present essay examines the revolt, portrays the revival and veneration of Poto Ho and discusses the profound impact of his legacy on contemporary society through a critical examination of both documentary and oral sources.