The transport sector is one of the few sectors that has not yet been significantly affected by regulatory changes connected to the reduction of air-polluting substances and GHG in the EU. As opposed to “traditional” EU ETS sectors, the emissions from the transport sector have been experiencing steady growth over the past decade. Even though the aviation transport sector is a part of EU ETS, the scheme was not as successful as it should have been. However, under the Green Deal, the transport sector faces reduction challenges as it has never before. All these challenges are connected to the aim of the European Green Deal to make the EU climate-neutral by 2050, and the transport sector is a crucial aspect of achieving this goal. This chapter explores the current regulatory framework for air pollution and GHG emissions from aviation in the EU, with a focus on the legal instruments related to the Green Deal. The research draws on a systematic review of relevant academic literature, legislation, and policy papers. Through this review, the chapter identifies the key features of the regulatory framework for air pollution and GHG, including the role of the ICAO, as well as the EU’s own policies and initiatives.