Inflammation is a complex yet vital biological response that protects the body against pathogens and tissue injury. However, chronic or dysregulated inflammation contributes to the progression of numerous diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurodegenerative conditions. While conventional anti-inflammatory drugs such as NSAIDs and corticosteroids remain mainstays in treatment, their long-term use is associated with serious side effects, including gastrointestinal toxicity, immunosuppression, and systemic complications. This has prompted the exploration of alternative therapeutic strategies with improved efficacy and safety profiles. Biologically inspired nanoparticles synthesized through green or bio-fabrication methods using plants, microbes, or marine-derived materials have emerged as promising anti-inflammatory agents. These biogenic nanoparticles are characterized by their enhanced biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and multifunctional properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities. Their mechanisms of action include inhibition of key inflammatory pathways (e.g., NF-κB, MAPK), suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), and modulation of macrophage polarization from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes. This chapter provides an overview of the synthesis, biological properties, and mechanistic insights of biogenic nanoparticles in inflammation therapy. It also highlights relevant in vitro and in vivo models used for their evaluation and discusses emerging strategies for enhancing their clinical applicability, including nanoformulation, regulatory alignment, and targeted delivery. As a sustainable and versatile approach, biologically inspired nanoparticles hold significant translational potential for managing complex inflammatory disorders and offer a pathway toward safer, next-generation anti-inflammatory therapeutics.