In this chapter, we highlight three main purposes by which AI technologies can be used to create critical entry points to support science teacher learning and the work of science teaching. First, integrating AI into K-12 science education contexts can increase science teachers’ efficiency as they work to prepare for, engage in, and reflect on their instruction. Second, AI technologies show promise for promoting science teachers’ professional learning and helping them develop their ability to engage in key science teaching competencies. Finally, AI technologies can provide science teachers with timely and actionable insights into their students’ knowledge and areas of struggle. For each purpose, we provide an overview of its key considerations, describe recent and ongoing initiatives or research efforts in science education aligned with the purpose, and discuss the promise and challenges, including ethical concerns, that science educators must navigate when using or interacting with specific AI tools geared towards that purpose. We argue that productively integrating AI into K-12 science education contexts to support student and teacher learning requires thoughtful implementation, comprehensive support, and careful consideration of ethical implications.