The Golgi apparatus is a highly dynamic organelle and central to the regulation of a variety of cell processes. Here we review the relationship between the morphology and function of this organelle, especially to in relation to neuronal development and maintenance. The morphology of the Golgi organelle in neurons is unique as it is present as a Golgi ribbon in the cell body and also as dendritic Golgi elements, known as Golgi outposts, in the neuronal extensions. Many neurodegenerative diseases are associated with the loss of the Golgi ribbon structure and the appearance of dispersed and fragmented Golgi units in the cell body/soma. Here we summarise a key role of the Golgi to limit the proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by secretases and protect healthy cells, and the perturbations of Golgi morphology arising from increased APP processing and amyloid β production in Alzheimer’s disease, the most common of the neurodegenerative disease. The potential consequence of changes in the Golgi architecture and increase of amyloid β production on neuronal function is also considered.