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Testing grouted Historic Masonry (HS) long time after grouting, has shown that there are cases in which grouting failed to homogenize or retrofit the body of HS. Selection of raw materials, proper design of grout mixture and details in application of grouting should be carefully considered. Fluidity, penetrability and stability of the grout mixture are inseparable characteristics of it. Based on extensive experimental work and parametrical analysis of the basic grout characteristics, simplified relationships have been elaborated in literature to help with the designing of a grout mixture. It has proved that for the grout stability, the most influential parameters seem to be water to solid ratio, specific density and specific surface of solid constituents of the grout mixture. In lime-based grouts, lime (i.e. NHL, CLs according to EN 459) dominates in the binding system consisting of lime or combinations of lime [Ca(OH)2] + pozzolanic materials or/and Portland cement. Often, different fillers are added. The necessity of using sustainable materials in construction makes the selection of alternative local binder agents and fillers problematic. Apart from the well testified parameters of solid constituents influencing a grout mixture, there are also other intrinsic characteristics of the binders and fillers not well defined by specific density and specific surface area (SSA). The SSA depends on the treatment of solids before their use. The hydraulicity (or pozzolanic capacity) of a binding agent depends primarily on its mineralogical composition. The absorption of a filler, playing the role of stabilizer, depends also on the surface texture of their particles. Fillers of almost the same SSE may differ in absorbing and water retaining capacity. Based on experience in designing lime-based grouts with different pozzolanic binders (natural and glassy by-products) and fillers such as limestone filler and brick dust, a comparison of their effectiveness is made. Strength development and stability for an acceptable fluidity were compared.

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Influence of the Nature of Binding Agents and Fillers on the Stability and Effectiveness of Lime-Based Grouts

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Ioanna Papayianni–Papadopoulou

摘要

Testing grouted Historic Masonry (HS) long time after grouting, has shown that there are cases in which grouting failed to homogenize or retrofit the body of HS. Selection of raw materials, proper design of grout mixture and details in application of grouting should be carefully considered. Fluidity, penetrability and stability of the grout mixture are inseparable characteristics of it. Based on extensive experimental work and parametrical analysis of the basic grout characteristics, simplified relationships have been elaborated in literature to help with the designing of a grout mixture. It has proved that for the grout stability, the most influential parameters seem to be water to solid ratio, specific density and specific surface of solid constituents of the grout mixture. In lime-based grouts, lime (i.e. NHL, CLs according to EN 459) dominates in the binding system consisting of lime or combinations of lime [Ca(OH)2] + pozzolanic materials or/and Portland cement. Often, different fillers are added. The necessity of using sustainable materials in construction makes the selection of alternative local binder agents and fillers problematic. Apart from the well testified parameters of solid constituents influencing a grout mixture, there are also other intrinsic characteristics of the binders and fillers not well defined by specific density and specific surface area (SSA). The SSA depends on the treatment of solids before their use. The hydraulicity (or pozzolanic capacity) of a binding agent depends primarily on its mineralogical composition. The absorption of a filler, playing the role of stabilizer, depends also on the surface texture of their particles. Fillers of almost the same SSE may differ in absorbing and water retaining capacity. Based on experience in designing lime-based grouts with different pozzolanic binders (natural and glassy by-products) and fillers such as limestone filler and brick dust, a comparison of their effectiveness is made. Strength development and stability for an acceptable fluidity were compared.