In the field of education, the application of big data technology provides a technological foundation for making education and teaching, educational management, scientific research development, and campus construction more intelligent, user-friendly, and convenient. Therefore, this article conducts research on the construction of a modern vocational education system that integrates education big data analysis. In the construction of modern vocational education system, it involves various internal and external elements, including local and overall levels, connecting the past, present, and future of the vocational education system. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce modern management science and modern system science as the theoretical basis for the research on the construction goals of modern vocational education system. The data analysis platform is applied in the article to predict the difficulty of high mathematics subject test questions provided by a certain higher education institution, using nearly 2 million answer records. Research has shown that the prediction model proposed in this article can more accurately predict the difficulty of test questions. Recommend personalized learning resources, tasks, activities, and paths to students, and work with schools to promote their personalized growth.