Gynecomastia is defined as benign proliferation of male breast. Gynecomastia is in most cases asymptomatic, and rarely symptomatic. Most frequently, the changes occur at the time of hormonal changes: infancy, adolescence, and old age. This is thought to be the result of an imbalance of estrogen action relative to androgen action at the breast tissue level. Gynecomastia is usually self-limited condition. In some cases, by eliminating the cause, one can resolve gynecomastia. Pseudogynecomastia reflects accumulation of subareolar fat tissue without palpable glandular nodus. Treatment options for gynecomastia are pharmacological and surgical. Medical treatment includes antiestrogens, androgens, and aromatase inhibitors. The surgical procedures for gynecomastia include excision, conventional liposuction with or without excision, power assisted liposuction, ultrasound-assisted liposuction, and endoscopic surgery.

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Male Breast Reduction

  • Aleksandar M. Vlahovic,
  • Emir Q. Haxhija

摘要

Gynecomastia is defined as benign proliferation of male breast. Gynecomastia is in most cases asymptomatic, and rarely symptomatic. Most frequently, the changes occur at the time of hormonal changes: infancy, adolescence, and old age. This is thought to be the result of an imbalance of estrogen action relative to androgen action at the breast tissue level. Gynecomastia is usually self-limited condition. In some cases, by eliminating the cause, one can resolve gynecomastia. Pseudogynecomastia reflects accumulation of subareolar fat tissue without palpable glandular nodus. Treatment options for gynecomastia are pharmacological and surgical. Medical treatment includes antiestrogens, androgens, and aromatase inhibitors. The surgical procedures for gynecomastia include excision, conventional liposuction with or without excision, power assisted liposuction, ultrasound-assisted liposuction, and endoscopic surgery.