Over the past 30 years, cultural competence initiatives in mental health have evolved from a list of “dos and don’ts” based on clinician perceptions of a patient’s cultural background to ethnographic approaches that inquire about a patient’s cultural affiliations, conceptions of illness, and preferences for treatment to avoid group-level stereotypes. This chapter first reviews the rationale for cultural competence within mental health as well as cultural competence recommendations for Muslim patients. Next, it discusses the Outline for Cultural Formulation (OCF) and Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) as clinical assessment tools to help clinicians ask patients about the cultural definition of the presenting problem; perceptions of cause, context, and support; self-coping and past help-seeking; and current help-seeking and treatment preferences. The OCF and CFI may help clinicians systematically and comprehensively develop diagnostic assessments and treatment plans for Muslim patients in a patient-centered way.