The Effects of Snuff and Snus on Periodontal and Peri-Implant Health
摘要
Snuff and snus are smokeless tobacco products that are used in different forms across the world. Moist snuff is consumed mostly as Swedish snus in the USA and Northern Europe where it is sold loose or in portioned pouches and used by holding under the lip. The use of these products has been associated with various health risks, including their effects on periodontal and peri-implant health. In clinical settings, users of snuff and snus have been reported to show localized gingival recession, plaque accumulation, and attachment loss, specifically in sites where the product is regularly placed. The mechanisms through which these periodontal effects manifest are likely vasoconstriction, inflammation, and dysbiosis of the oral microbiome. Cessation of snuff and snus is paramount for successful treatment of the clinical effects on periodontal health and to avoid peri-implant failure and should be encouraged through opportunistic motivational interviewing when possible.