The Sundarbans, known as one of the most fertile mangrove ecosystems globally, consists of numerous islands within the estuaries of the Ganges-Meghna-Brahmaputra River system. The estuarine mangroves in the Indian part of the Sundarbans experience high siltation and relatively elevated salinity levels compared to those in Bangladesh. This disparity is primarily attributed to the gradual decline in freshwater flow through the Hooghly River and its tributaries. As a result, the Indian Sundarbans are now dominated by salt-tolerant species, while many less salt-tolerant mangroves have become increasingly rare. The hostile terrain of the Sundarbans renders it nearly impenetrable for plant exploration. Thus far, research on mangroves in the Indian Sundarbans has primarily been confined to riverine mudflat regions, where salt-tolerant species predominate. However, the elevated interior lands, which could potentially support other species, remain largely unexplored. Remote sensing techniques offer limited utility for the physical verification of plants in these interior regions. Nevertheless, the relatively flat terrain, extending over 80 km from Bay of Bengal in some parts of the Indian Sundarbans, provides a valuable opportunity to study less salt-tolerant species in inner estuaries where seawater intrusion is reduced. The mangroves of the Indian Sundarbans often form a dense, mixed flora. This association is further enriched and complicated by mangrove-associated angiosperms, including herbs, vines, and parasitic species. Given the uniformly low elevation typical of the Indian Sundarbans, even a slight rise in sea levels—by just a few centimeters—could have a profound effect on the diversity and functioning of mangrove ecosystems in the foreseeable future. As well as this environmental challenge, the increasing human population around the mangrove ecosystem of Indian Sundarbans presents a significant and compounding threat. This review underscores the critical need for the protection of the mangroves in the Indian Sundarbans in light of increasing threats posed by climate change, pollution, and human activities. It examines the essential roles these mangroves play in coastal protection, biodiversity preservation, and climate mitigation. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the importance of implementing effective conservation and restoration strategies that are vital for the well-being of local communities.