The middle Sebou Valley, located in the foothills of Fez, stands as the region’s central axis of socio-economic activities. The analysis of the distribution of population along the valley indicates significant insights into the area’s dynamics. Covering approximately 2283.5 km2, the population density of the studied communities exceeds the national rural average, reaching 91.7 inhabitants/km2. Over the past two decades, the population has regularly increased from 123,760 in 1994 to 131,333 in 2014, emphasizing the escalating human pressure on the Middle Sebou area. The predominance of rural habitats, that comprise over 98% of the population, points out the area’s dependence on the Sebou Valley for sustenance, including agriculture, domestic use, and fishing. Traditional habitats, predominantly douars, coexist with urban centers such as Center Hamria, reflecting the area’s various settlement patterns. Agricultural landscapes in the middle Sebou riverine zone indicate a blend of traditional and modern farming practices across around 133,472 ha. The irrigated area spans around 8281 hectares, presenting 6.2% of this area with approximately 2190 active farmers. Disparities in land ownership are obvious, with some farmers cultivating vast expanses exceeding 100 hectares, while others struggle to secure even a single hectare for cultivation. Traditional irrigation methods, such as the Noria, persist alongside modern pumping machines fueled by gasoline. The Noria, typically constructed from wood or iron and ranging from 8 to 12 meters in height, depends on direct water attraction from the stream. Water distribution through Rabta, utilizing gravity and manual channel manipulation, facilitates irrigation. This comprehensive analysis, spanning from population dynamics to agricultural practices, delivers valuable insights into the evolving socio-economic landscape of the Middle Sebou area.