How to Implement: BIPV Retrofit for Dense Tropical Cities
摘要
Tropical cities such as Singapore are exposed to high levels of solar radiation, but the high density and resulting vertical high-rise construction limit the horizontal surfaces available for solar energy production. In contrast, vertical surfaces are abundant. When integrated in electricity grids powered primarily by fossil fuels, solar energy can be environmentally beneficial even on surfaces with less solar radiation, such as facades. To investigate the application of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) in Singapore, we explore the potential for installation on Singapore’s Housing and Development Board (HDB) housing blocks. These use a limited range of standardized typologies and therefore offer the opportunity to replicate solutions across the island. We first examine the overall potential for solar energy production on HDB housing typologies from the 1970s to the 2000s and identify typologies and districts that are particularly suitable for BIPV application to HDB facades. At the building level, we demonstrate how an individual apartment can offset daytime energy demand for cooling by using solar PV, and how it can contribute significantly to daily energy demand in combination with storage solutions. Secondly, we describe the design and development of a lightweight, foldable BIPV prototype for potential application on HDB facades. Developed in two versions with the help of industry partners, we demonstrate the technical feasibility and discuss aspects of manufacturing, transport, lifecycle, and economic considerations. The two designs developed and applied in Singapore demonstrate superior performance in global warming potential and carbon payback period to a standard vertical BIPV application on south-facing facades, and similar performance on east-facing facades. Finally, we present insights into stakeholder perceptions of BIPV in Singapore gathered at two BIPV roundtables. Many participants from public and private entities saw solar retrofitting as the most promising application; however, several procedural and economic barriers are mentioned that currently hinder the widespread adoption of BIPV in Singapore.