How to Scale: Modelling BIPV from Building to Urban Scale
摘要
The increased deployment of photovoltaics (PVs) in diverse urban settings creates new challenges for research and practice at various scales. This chapter provides an overview of advanced methods aiming to balance the accuracy required to inform decisions with the computational and modelling effort. Five scales ranging from the component level to surfaces, buildings, districts, and finally whole cities are used to exemplify the methods through case studies. The results of these case studies show that using appropriate methods allows the accurate evaluation of the impact of shading on the productivity of a single module. This can inform PV array design by providing the carbon payback time for diverse module types on various facades and by assessing the deployment of PV in a district over three generations. These examples contribute to combining differing scales of inquiry that lead to effective PV deployment pathways and thus save greenhouse gas emissions.