Can machines think? With the widespread digitalization and application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies today, the question originally posed by Turing worth revisiting. This book is devoted to examining whether and under what conditions conceptions of AI can be rational. It will shed light on a normative shift in understanding how machines and minds stand in relation to each other. This shift will be argued as necessary for the developmental goals of AI. Before delving into the necessity of the shift, this chapter introduces the topic by elucidating how AI has become both a research object and methodology in cognitive science, and how its conceptual foundations, underlying hypotheses, and challenges are intrinsically related to philosophy, especially mathematical logic and philosophy of mind. It will also outline the structure of the book to make it easier for readers to navigate.