The textile industry is considered the second most polluting industry worldwide due to the huge generation of textile waste and highly polluted wastewater. This study arises from the crucial need to explore novel methods for enhancing wastewater treatment in the textile industry, specifically focusing on the removal of dyes, which are persistent compounds that pose a serious risk to the environment and human health. In this study, an Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide (LDH) was investigated as an adsorbent for two commonly used textile dyes with different ionic natures: methyl orange (anionic) and crystal violet (cationic). BET and XRD analyses were conducted to characterize the LDH. Three dosages of LDH were tested (5.0, 2.5, and 1.25 mg LDH/ml). Methyl orange showed fast adsorption in all cases; even at the lowest LDH dose, a 90% reduction was achieved within the first 10 min (1408 mg dye/g LDH·min). In contrast, crystal violet exhibited slower adsorption rates; thus, only 30% of dye removal was achieved after 20 min of exposure to 5 mg LDH/ml, and a complete color fade was not observed until 12 h. Therefore, LDH has shown itself to be a good alternative for removing anionic dyes; however, for cationic compounds, it should be combined with other technologies.