Emergency Interventions Following Percutaneous Closure of Atrial Septal Defect, Patent Foramen Ovale, and Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion
摘要
This chapter reviews the indications, techniques, and contemporary devices used for percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects (ASD), patent foramen ovale (PFO), and left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO), with a particular focus on the recognition and management of complications requiring urgent intervention. While transcatheter closure has largely replaced surgery for most ASDs and PFOs, and LAAO is an established treatment options in selected patients with atrial fibrillation, these procedures carry risks including device embolisation, cardiac perforation and tamponade, vascular complications, residual shunts, peri-device leaks, and device-related thrombus. The chapter discusses patient selection, device sizing, and procedural planning as key factors in minimising complications. Management strategies are outlined in structured decision-making algorithms, prioritising percutaneous retrieval techniques such as gooseneck snare or bioptome-assisted methods, with surgical or hybrid approaches reserved for complex cases. Outcomes from reported case series demonstrate high success rates for both percutaneous and surgical retrieval when timely, multidisciplinary intervention is employed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of imaging guidance, operator expertise, and individualised treatment strategies to optimise patient safety and procedural success.