Dairy animal breeding is a critical component of global agriculture, particularly in Africa, where diverse species such as cattle, camels, goats, sheep, and non-conventional dairy animals play a vital role in food security, livelihoods, and cultural practices. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of dairy animal breeding systems across Africa, focusing on species-specific breeding practices, genetic improvement strategies, and the socio-economic and environmental impacts of these systems. The chapter begins with an exploration of dairy cattle breeding, covering traditional selection methods, crossbreeding programs, and modern genomic selection techniques. It then delves into dairy camel breeding, highlighting the unique adaptations of camels to arid environments and their growing importance in milk production. The discussion extends to dairy goats and sheep, emphasizing their role in smallholder farming systems and the challenges and opportunities associated with their breeding. Finally, the chapter examines non-conventional dairy animals, such as buffaloes, yaks, and donkeys, which are increasingly recognized for their resilience and potential in marginal environments. By integrating traditional knowledge with modern scientific approaches, this chapter underscores the importance of sustainable breeding practices in enhancing productivity, preserving genetic diversity, and supporting the livelihoods of millions of rural households across Africa.