This chapter provides a comprehensive exploration of the historical and current state of milk production in Africa, tracing its origins and transformations through a complex interplay of sociocultural, environmental, and economic factors. Beginning with an examination of the historical role of pastoralist societies, this chapter discusses indigenous breeds, migratory practices, and the cultural importance of milk in African societies. It also explores the impacts of colonialism, the establishment of dual production systems, and the development of dairy cooperatives. In its analysis of traditional milk preservation and the influence of climate, this section highlights the resilience and adaptability of African milk production practices. This chapter further examines the current landscape of milk production, analyzing diverse production systems, regional variations, economic contributions, and ongoing challenges, such as low productivity and regulatory hurdles. Additionally, it highlights modern initiatives, including dairy cooperative growth, technological innovations, and policies aimed at improving milk production and sustainability. The evolution of traditional milk systems toward more sedentary and semi-intensive forms is also detailed, alongside efforts in crossbreeding, market integration, and the adaptation of milk production systems to environmental and socioeconomic pressures. Gender dynamics and the roles of women within traditional and modernizing frameworks are discussed, underscoring their contributions to dairy sustainability. In conclusion, this chapter presents key statistics and trends, with a focus on Africa’s contributions to global milk production, disparities across regions, and future opportunities spurred by urbanization, rising incomes, and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). This analysis aims to provide a foundational understanding of the African dairy sector’s trajectory, emphasizing the importance of sustainability, resilience, and policy support in addressing productivity challenges and enhancing food security.