This chapter examines the complex neurobiological and behavioral aspects of feeding, focusing on how breakdowns in control mechanisms lead to maladaptive eating behaviors and disorders. The discussion begins by detailing the fundamental systems that regulate hunger, satiation, and satiety. This chapter then explores major eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and pica, reviewing their clinical presentations, associated animal models, and underlying neurobiological mechanisms. A significant portion of this chapter is dedicated to the public health issue of obesity, discussing its associated animal models, the impact of hypothalamic dysfunction, the role of metaflammation, and the critical influence of various feeding-related peptides and neurotransmitters like leptin, ghrelin, and neuropeptide Y. This comprehensive approach provides an integrated view of the brain circuits and chemical signals that drive both adaptive and pathological feeding behaviors.