Regional Politics and Institutional Dilemmas in Southeast Asia: Implications for Democratization, Social Justice, and Accountable Governance in the Maldives and Bangladesh
摘要
India, the largest state and fifth-largest economy in the world, is often portrayed by Western nations as a natural ally and global defender of democracy and the rule of law. Yet, for smaller South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) states, particularly Bangladesh and the Maldives, India is perceived less as a promoter of democracy and more as a dominant regional power. In the Maldives, frustrations with Indian influence spurred the “India Out” campaign in 2016, which intensified under Ibrahim Solih’s “India First” policy. In Bangladesh, similar sentiments emerged as social media activists and opposition parties criticized India’s long-standing support for the ruling Awami League, widely accused of authoritarianism, corruption, and human rights abuses. This paper examines India’s regional role through the lens of the “wicked problem” framework, highlighting how India’s strategic ambitions often conflict with the democratic aspirations of its neighbors. Findings suggest that while pro-Indian regimes advanced India’s security and economic interests, they undermined national sovereignty and democratic institutions in both countries. The fall of such regimes now challenges India’s credibility as a defender of democracy. The study argues for people-centered diplomacy and balanced regional engagement as pathways to accountable governance, social justice, and sustainable peace in South Asia.