Decentralized local governance in India provides important opportunities to advance inclusion and participatory democracy. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments institutionalized reservations for women, Scheduled Castes (SCs), and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in local self-governments, with the goal of broadening representation and empowering historically marginalized groups. Yet, systemic barriers continue to inhibit women’s meaningful participation. These include limited access to public spaces, underrepresentation in decision-making roles despite formal quotas, entrenched gender biases, and inconsistent policy implementation at the grassroots level. This chapter examines why women remain excluded or marginalized in governance structures despite decentralization reforms, and explores how local institutions can be strengthened to foster genuine leadership and participation. Drawing on case studies from Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh, the analysis highlights inclusive practices such as gender-sensitive panchayats, participatory planning, and capacity-building programs for elected women representatives. It also identifies the enabling factors behind these successes and explains the uneven progress across states. The chapter concludes with actionable recommendations to replicate successful models, emphasizing capacity-building programs, gender-responsive governance, community awareness, and accountability. By situating these findings within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—particularly Goal 5 (Gender Equality) and Goal 16 (Peace, justice, and strong institutions)—the chapter contributes to strategies for women-inclusive governance and development.