The chapter starts with a brief comparison between Means Testing Programs (MTPs) and Conditional Cash Transfer Programs (CCTs) to show that the former are incompatible with viewing their participants as full citizens. This is particularly relevant because of the dominant but incorrect view that MTPs are welfarist programs, although they clearly mark a shift from welfare to workfare policies that is the consequence of prevailing neoliberal views on society in general and on social policies in particular. The following sections focus on CCTs and discuss possible justifications for them (economical, behavioral, moral, and political) to conclude that a republican justification is to be preferred because (1) it treats participants in CCTs as citizens; (2) it takes seriously the collective responsibility of the political community for the situation of poverty, in which participants in CCTs live; (3) it allows framing CCTs as a way of reaffirming the reciprocal duties of citizens and political institutions.