The production of textbooks represents a field of research, primarily historical, that faces significant challenges due to limited access to archival sources. It is also an area where approaches from economic history, cultural history, and the history of education have often been pursued in isolation from one another. Nonetheless, scholars in textbook studies generally agree that examining textbooks from a historical perspective without considering the production process leaves a substantial gap in the literature. This chapter seeks to highlight the role of textbook publishers, who played a crucial part in shaping textbook production in Europe during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It begins with an overview of available archival sources and the current state of research, with a primary focus on publishers in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. The chapter then explores the key drivers and strategies behind innovation in textbook publishing within national education systems, examining the contributions of textbook publishers to educational innovation, especially during periods of social and pedagogical reform in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Further, it investigates how publishers influenced the institutional framework of textbook production and how they responded to the challenges posed by emerging technologies in the context of traditional printed textbook publishing during the twentieth century.