This chapter begins with the historical background and considers the social context that shaped the current role for conscientious objection in Ireland. It identifies and examines the relevant principles, policy and law before tracing the related policy developments and outlining the current international and domestic legislative framework, noting the ratification of relevant international treaties, conventions or protocols and identifying the main judicial and regulatory bodies. It then examines the contemporary functioning of conscientious objection: firstly, as it intersects with the fundamental freedoms of expression, association/assembly and religion; and secondly as it relates to a sequence of distinct themes—public health, public social care, public education, national defence/asylum seekers, employment and commercial services—as they are impacted by equality and non-discrimination law. In so doing, the chapter identifies and assesses any significant trends and governing principles.