Nanomaterials have emerged as a promising solution for improving water treatment processes and disease control in aquaculture systems. This study investigates the application of various nanomaterials, including nanoparticles and nanocomposites, in addressing key challenges in aquaculture, such as pathogen management and water quality improvement. The unique properties of nanomaterials, including their high surface area, reactivity, and ability to target-specific contaminants, enable them to effectively remove pollutants and inhibit microbial growth in aquatic environments. We review recent advancements in the synthesis and functionalization of nanomaterials, highlighting their antimicrobial properties, ability to adsorb toxins, and potential for selective delivery of therapeutic agents. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of integrating nanomaterials into aquaculture practices, emphasizing their role in reducing chemical use, enhancing fish health, and improving overall productivity. Potential risks and environmental considerations associated with the use of nanomaterials are also addressed, along with recommendations for future research and application strategies. This work underscores the importance of harnessing nanotechnology to develop sustainable aquaculture practices that can lead to improved water management and disease control. As research continues to uncover the capabilities and applications of nanomaterials, their integration into aquaculture will likely play an important role in shaping the future of this essential industry.