The development of cementitious materials for 3D printing (3DCP) still presents many material and structural challenges, as well as ecological fragilities. At the material level, 3DCP formulations require a high amount of cement and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) to achieve printing requirements. Therefore, it is imperative to study alternative materials, (partial) substitutes for Portland cement, to reduce the carbon footprint and cost of 3DCP, particularly in the long-term vision. The use of locally available SCM reduces the costs and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with the production of 3DCP, while at the same time adding value to local and abundant industrial waste or by-products. As part of the DigiCrete Project, this study aimed to develop ternary mixtures for 3D printing using national materials, including waste glass powder. In the first stage, the binder was developed using a centred factorial plan where the material behaviour was modelled in the function of key mixture parameters. The engineering properties (responses to be modelled) were flowability, setting and compressive strength. In addition, the embodied CO2 of the binder was calculated. The potential and optimised mixtures at the paste level were narrowed down to be studied at the mortar level, where the fine aggregate was introduced. The results showed that it is possible to correlate results from traditional tests (flow and slump) from binder to mortar level and establish a printable mortar. Finally, it was possible to conclude that using local materials, commonly used by the concrete industry, including the industrial waste studied, seems viable for 3D printing of cementitious materials.

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Ternary Blends of White Cement, Limestone and Waste Glass Powder for 3D Concrete Printing

  • Mariana Fonseca,
  • Ana Mafalda Matos,
  • Paula Milheiro,
  • Mário Pimentel

摘要

The development of cementitious materials for 3D printing (3DCP) still presents many material and structural challenges, as well as ecological fragilities. At the material level, 3DCP formulations require a high amount of cement and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) to achieve printing requirements. Therefore, it is imperative to study alternative materials, (partial) substitutes for Portland cement, to reduce the carbon footprint and cost of 3DCP, particularly in the long-term vision. The use of locally available SCM reduces the costs and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with the production of 3DCP, while at the same time adding value to local and abundant industrial waste or by-products. As part of the DigiCrete Project, this study aimed to develop ternary mixtures for 3D printing using national materials, including waste glass powder. In the first stage, the binder was developed using a centred factorial plan where the material behaviour was modelled in the function of key mixture parameters. The engineering properties (responses to be modelled) were flowability, setting and compressive strength. In addition, the embodied CO2 of the binder was calculated. The potential and optimised mixtures at the paste level were narrowed down to be studied at the mortar level, where the fine aggregate was introduced. The results showed that it is possible to correlate results from traditional tests (flow and slump) from binder to mortar level and establish a printable mortar. Finally, it was possible to conclude that using local materials, commonly used by the concrete industry, including the industrial waste studied, seems viable for 3D printing of cementitious materials.