Today, groups of cities are forming a single system due to intensive urbanization. Forecasting the development of this system poses an urban planning challenge. Additionally, the experience of designing world cities is of great interest in connection with the implementation of the sustainable development goals formulated by the UN General Assembly for a better and safer future for all people. World cities are an important element of the world economic system and are key to global urbanization. Urban planning addresses issues such as resettlement, labor organization, recreation, and transport accessibility in cities and their suburban zones. Therefore, this study aims to examine sustainable development in world cities to create a concept for urban regulation of such development. The study reveals the essence of sustainable development and provides a description of the main world cities—Paris, Berlin, London, New York City, and Tokyo—including the perspective of urban planning typology. The study also assesses compliance with sustainable development goals in world cities. It interprets them from an urban planning perspective and analyzes modern tools for regulation of sustainable development. Theoretical and practical conclusions focus on creating a model for the urban planning regulation of sustainable development in world cities, as well as the systematic updating of this model in connection with the formation of new sustainable development goals. Finally, the study identifies further avenues for research.