This review provides a comprehensive summary of drug delivery systems, emphasizing the relationship between 3D printed polymer matrices, drug release profiles, and applied mathematical models. The study examined nine distinct formulations involving polymers such as Eudragit®, PCL, PLGA, pHEMA, BSA and ethyl cellulose, combined with various drugs including paracetamol, tenofovir, timolol, mupirocin, olanzapine, lidocaine, ketoprofen, triamcinolone acetonide, and methylene blue. The researchers utilized various mathematical formulas, such as Fick’s law and the Noyes-Whitney equation, to determine the diffusion and dissolution of different drugs from diverse formulations. Additionally, mathematical models such as Zero Order, Hixon-Crowell, First Order, Korsmeyer-Peppas, Higuchi, Hopfenberg, and Weibull were used to characterize the drug release patterns observed in the specific formulations. The 3D printed structures in the reviewed literature showcased diverse geometries, such as hollow cylinders, subcutaneous implants, scaffolds, and bio piercers, fabricated using techniques like stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, semi-solid extrusion, solution-based printing, inkjet printing, and hot melt extrusion. The in vitro release studies exhibited significant variation in duration, ranging from 4 to 200 days, with some cases demonstrating burst release. A summary of experimental steps involved in drug dissolution studies is also provided. The findings from the reviewed literature highlight the versatility of 3D printing technologies in producing customized drug delivery formulations.