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This study presents the outcomes and challenges encountered during data analyses after retrofitting a 10-story residential building in Utrecht, Netherlands. The project aimed to transform a 1970s high-rise typology building into a gas-free and energy-plus building (PEB) by integrating photovoltaics (PV) and building integrated PV (BIPV) systems, heat pumps, and a battery system. The study focuses on the electrical aspects of the retrofit, specifically analyzing smart meter data related to energy consumption, PV generation, and battery usage. A key challenge was data loss due to inverter malfunctions and smart meter disconnections, addressed using SARIMA-based data reconstruction, linear interpolation, derivative normalization, and visual ex-post data verification to ensure consistency with expected seasonal patterns. We analyze the building’s net energy positivity over three years and assess the performance of a 70 kWh battery system. Furthermore, we simulate battery behavior to explore its peak shaving and self-consumption potential, with recommendations for right-sizing under the upcoming phase-out of net metering in the Netherlands. The results provide practical insights for optimizing energy management in future retrofits.

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Evaluating Post-Retrofit Energy Performance in a Plus Energy Building: Smart Meter Data Reconstruction and Battery Sizing Insights

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Simone Coccato,
  • Eelke Bontekoe,
  • Ioannis Lampropoulos,
  • Wilfried van Sark

摘要

This study presents the outcomes and challenges encountered during data analyses after retrofitting a 10-story residential building in Utrecht, Netherlands. The project aimed to transform a 1970s high-rise typology building into a gas-free and energy-plus building (PEB) by integrating photovoltaics (PV) and building integrated PV (BIPV) systems, heat pumps, and a battery system. The study focuses on the electrical aspects of the retrofit, specifically analyzing smart meter data related to energy consumption, PV generation, and battery usage. A key challenge was data loss due to inverter malfunctions and smart meter disconnections, addressed using SARIMA-based data reconstruction, linear interpolation, derivative normalization, and visual ex-post data verification to ensure consistency with expected seasonal patterns. We analyze the building’s net energy positivity over three years and assess the performance of a 70 kWh battery system. Furthermore, we simulate battery behavior to explore its peak shaving and self-consumption potential, with recommendations for right-sizing under the upcoming phase-out of net metering in the Netherlands. The results provide practical insights for optimizing energy management in future retrofits.