Tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO5, C3S) and dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4, C2S) are the most critical mineral components in portland cement, governing early-age and long-term hydration and strength development. Understanding their structural and surface behavior is critical for advancing cement chemistry and improving concrete mechanical performance and durability. Currently, most studies rely on powder forms of calcium silicates that limit advanced surface analyses of these materials. This study addresses the need for bulk, low-porosity calcium silicate samples suitable for high-resolution surface characterization by presenting a robust, reproducible method for synthesizing dense polycrystalline C₃S and β-C₂S bulk specimens with 5% to 8% porosity. Mixtures of calcium carbonate and amorphous silica were sintered at 1450 ℃ and 1600 ℃, with and without stabilizing ions, to produce dense polycrystalline β-C2S and monoclinic and triclinic C3S bodies, respectively. The powders were granulated with a polyvinyl butyral binder in isopropanol and compacted via cold isostatic pressing, followed by a final sintering step to ensure homogeneity. The study presents detailed optimization procedures for sample preparation, including binder selection, pressing conditions, and sintering protocols, while offering practical recommendations and troubleshooting guidance to address potential challenges, such as phase uniformity and polishing requirements. The polishing of the product yields samples with smooth surfaces suitable for surface-sensitive analyses and characterization of crystallographic orientation, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). By enabling consistent synthesis of dense calcium silicates, this work supports advanced experimental investigations into the microstructural evolution of cement phases, and contributes to the design of more sustainable and durable construction materials.

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Synthesis and Processing of Dense Tricalcium and Dicalcium Silicates for Surface-Sensitive Characterization

  • Aidyn Tugelbayev,
  • Carlos A. Fortulan,
  • David Jarret Wright,
  • Carolina Tallon,
  • Alexander S. Brand

摘要

Tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO5, C3S) and dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4, C2S) are the most critical mineral components in portland cement, governing early-age and long-term hydration and strength development. Understanding their structural and surface behavior is critical for advancing cement chemistry and improving concrete mechanical performance and durability. Currently, most studies rely on powder forms of calcium silicates that limit advanced surface analyses of these materials. This study addresses the need for bulk, low-porosity calcium silicate samples suitable for high-resolution surface characterization by presenting a robust, reproducible method for synthesizing dense polycrystalline C₃S and β-C₂S bulk specimens with 5% to 8% porosity. Mixtures of calcium carbonate and amorphous silica were sintered at 1450 ℃ and 1600 ℃, with and without stabilizing ions, to produce dense polycrystalline β-C2S and monoclinic and triclinic C3S bodies, respectively. The powders were granulated with a polyvinyl butyral binder in isopropanol and compacted via cold isostatic pressing, followed by a final sintering step to ensure homogeneity. The study presents detailed optimization procedures for sample preparation, including binder selection, pressing conditions, and sintering protocols, while offering practical recommendations and troubleshooting guidance to address potential challenges, such as phase uniformity and polishing requirements. The polishing of the product yields samples with smooth surfaces suitable for surface-sensitive analyses and characterization of crystallographic orientation, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). By enabling consistent synthesis of dense calcium silicates, this work supports advanced experimental investigations into the microstructural evolution of cement phases, and contributes to the design of more sustainable and durable construction materials.