The “Belt and Road” Initiative has driven the rapid development of the High-Speed Railway (HSR)network, with HSR station areas serving as critical nodes in urban spaces. These areas, characterized by massive station complexes and expansive forecourts, create unique microclimates that are crucial for sustainable urban development. While urban heat island effects are well-documented, the thermal characteristics of HSR station areas remain understudied. This study examined spatiotemporal patterns of Land Surface Temperature (LST) within a 1500-m radius of Chengdu’s HSR stations using Landsat 8 imagery from 2019 to 2023. Specifically, this study conducted hot-spot analysis based on LST inversion, classified station areas into three distinct groups based on LST spatial pattern, and employed paired t-test to compare the LST in two distinct areas: the core area (0–500 m) and peripheral area (500–1500 m) around the HSR stations. The results showed that LST was significantly higher in the core areas compared to the peripheral areas (p < 0.01), with an average difference of 0.73 ℃ and Chengdu East Station recording the largest difference (3.05 °C) in the summer of 2021. Furthermore, this study developed an urban morphology indicator system to discuss relationships between built environment characteristics and LST patterns. This study provided empirical evidence for climate-responsive urban design in HSR station areas and established groundwork for future statistical modeling of urban morphology-LST relationships.