The global food system faces significant challenges, including food security, environmental sustainability and fair economic opportunities. Tackling these issues demands innovation, particularly in protein production. Among the emerging alternatives, cell-based meat is a disruptive technology that may lessen climate impact, reduce land and water usage and improve food security. However, widespread adoption relies on overcoming technical, economic and regulatory obstacles. This study examines the role of public policy in steering cell-based meat innovation, highlighting the need for a coherent regulatory framework. It looks at global policy approaches and the economic instruments propelling alternative protein development. The shift to alternative protein sources raises concern about market concentration and social inequalities that call for inclusive governance. A unified, long-term strategy that aligns regulatory policies, public investments and sustainability goals is essential for integrating cell-based meat into global food systems. This study underscores the importance of adaptive policymaking to promote innovation while ensuring ethical and equitable food production.